Knowledge in American History Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Knowledge in American History - Term Paper Example These amendments were pivotal in the history of African Americans and along with the 20th century Civil Rights movement constitute the most crucial periods in terms of freedom for African Americans. Even as the Constitution guaranteed rights to African Americans there was still a substantial amount of resistance, particularly at the hands of Southern states. This era saw the rise of the Ku Klux Klan as a means of oppressing African Americans. The Klan would engage in acts of terrorism, including house burnings and murder, as a means of intimidating African Americans. The Civil Rights Act of 1871 was put in place to restrict ethnic violence in response to the Ku Klux Klan movement (Stevens, 2001). During this period ‘black codes’ were also enacted as a means of attempting to oppress the recently freed African Americans. These acts were enacted by some Southern states as a means of continuing to restrict the rights of African Americans through controlling employment, their right to own firearms, or act as jurors in trials of white individuals. With the Civil Rights Act of 1866 these acts were repealed (Stevens, 2001). With the added control over employment and the plentiful agricultural land in the Southern regions, African Americans began engaging in sharecropping activities. Sharecropping occurred on land that was previously used as a plantation. In these instances, African Americans would rent small plots of land from the plantation owner to harvest their own crops. During this period there were also extraordinarily high illiteracy rates among African Americans, with a reported 70% illiteracy rate in the Southern states (Stevens, 2001). In response, this era also witnessed the emergence of some of the first schools for black... This term paper mostly focuses on the period of American history, in which African Americans led their fight for equality in civil rights, in knowledge and opportunities. The researcher follows and examines the historical progression of African Americans throughout five distinct periods in American history spanning from 1865 through the present era. In the term paper, it’s clear that throughout the eras examined by the researcher the United States experienced significant historical progress in regards to the social and cultural position of African Americans. Unit One examines the Reconstruction period and how African Americans fought to achieve rights and prosperity in the wake of the Civil War. Unit Two of this term paper follows this progression as Southern states attempted to counteract black progress through enacting Jim Crow laws that would remain in place until the second half of the twentieth century. Unit Three explores the continued oppression of blacks through Jim Cr ow laws, as well as the Great Migration wherein great amounts of individuals migrated north to escape this oppression. The Great Migration consisted of the migration of over five million African Americans from the Southern to Northern States. Unit Four of the term paper examines the substantial progress made during the Civil Rights Movement. Finally, Unit Five examines this progress as African Americans made gains in achieving political office and experiencing employment gains. President Kennedy and Martin Luther King were mentioned in this part.

The making and breaking of port kembla Essay Example for Free

The making and breaking of port kembla Essay Locality and society are interlinked with worker communities as new labor is inducted in areas which are industrializing. The interaction between workers and communities is thus not constant and remains dynamic. As industrialization took place in the early 20th Century in Australia, workers communities grew around a predominantly agricultural hinterland. These got bigger each day and in turn threatened to displace local communities particularly the indigenous people who were unable to adapt to the changing environment. The emerging conflict led to creation of social institutions by workers in the form of unions to collectively bargain from a position of strength with the community. While this empowered worker communities as a whole, it had varying influences on the lives of workers within the community as well as at the work place. The post industrialization phase where production has been automated and has become far less labor intensive has added a new dimension to this relationship. By drawing upon the example of Port Kembla, the Australian steel township, Erik Eklund has successfully weaved together the historical narrative of interaction of the diverse forces which create a modern industrial society and how social forces enable some organizations to survive while others perish for lack of adaptability. Eklund’s social history of workers in Port Kembla very aptly describes the manner in which the working class fits into the community, the social institutions that the workers create to survive and flourish and the control that the workers gain over their own lives at work and in the community in the process. Port Kembla – The Social Environment Port Kembla is a classic case of emergence of an industrial society amidst the tectonic shifts that take place due to influence of many factors, global, local, war, peace and a depressed economy. Steel represents the primary agent of change in the industrial World. Port Kembla was the principal steel making area in Australia, where prominent steel makers had established their factories which had grown into large behemoths. But steel making is much more than just technology or organization of labor. It has many other facets such as creation of social classes, assimilation of outside forces, suppression of indigenous forces and resistance between these. The steel industry in Port Kembla underwent a number of changes over the years which in turn impacted the development of the community. Till the 1930’s the worker community relationship was mixed with a balanced influence of the informal non market economy and workers communities. However thereafter with the emergence of an industrial society the influence of class politics defined by the powerful role played by the unions which attempted to gain control of both the communities and the workers dominated the socio political panorama of Port Kembla. Global events such as the Depression, the World Wars, the global Depression and post War industrialization also had a powerful influence on community politics in Port Kembla. The creation of localities and their structures set the stage for discussion of class, locality and politics. The struggle waged by the indigenous people, the Kooris to survive the onslaught of industrialization in their native land is illustrative of the large scale social changes in Port Kembla which led to emergence of the supremacy of the Industrial Society in the post Second World War milieu. The final stage is the post industrial society; a process could lead to emergence of new social structures. The model of the workers in Port Kembla provides a successful portray of the social history of industrial society in Australia emerged over the years. Working Class and Overall Community Life The working class has emerged as a result of industrialization which has led to a large congregation of people working together in factories. There has been no other human activity which has brought together so many people in one location as production of goods through a machine economy. A study of the bureaucratic structure, the technology and external factors which influences work in factories and the interaction of the new work society which is formed due to redesigned occupational activity with the community provide an innate social perspective of this phenomenon in the industrial age. The working class emerges as a separate locality within the larger community; it gives them a sense of distinct identity. The co relationship between the working class and the community denoted is thus that of interdependency. However this relationship takes a long time to develop and cannot emerge merely by the artificial process of creating jobs. Jobs are just one part of the exercise of industrialization; it is the manner in which the working class and the community homogenize with each other that marks the holistic growth of an industry. This lesson stands out quite clearly through lucid portrayals of worker communities in Port Kembla. From the dirty, sooty, black image of steel furnaces which marked the early stages of industrialization in Port Kembla, it is seen that as the community grew so did the industry as well as the commercial establishments in the city. The social changes which brought about these linkages enabled a whole, â€Å"locality† of workers to emerge within the community. In turn the impact of local life and tenor on the emergence of the industrial society provides a fascinating perspective. The various waves that brought about change in the industry and concomitantly with the society also need to be well understood. Whether it is migration, gender awareness, a class struggle or redefining the identities of the locals, the working class fits into a local community’s life by creation of institutions for their own well being in the form of unions. Workers Social Institutions The workers needed to create support establishments to survive varied types of pressures, from capitalists, the depression in the economy and loss of jobs. They succeeded in creating adequate safety mechanisms to support themselves as a community. Port Kembla did not have many social institutions in the initial stages when industry was set up in the township. Thus there was a mixed culture with the establishment of Electrolytic Refining and Smelting (ERS) and Metal Manufacturers which carried on with the pre industrial age non formal institutions based on agriculture, fishery and hunting. But the growth of the steel industry under the leadership of BHP which established the Australian Iron and Steel led to creation of an industrial society. The congregation of labor in large numbers was implicit in creation of institutions by them for sustaining their rights and obtaining fair treatment. Unions were a natural corollary to industrialization in Port Kembla. The creation of unions was a safety mechanism that provided the labor working in the large steel factories a sense of security. This was the initial period of localism which soon came under threat from regionalism with the expansion of the steel industry linking Kembla with Wollongong. These forces attempted to displace gradually the locals who had focused on their own borough in the city and tried to create all encompassing institutions. On the social side, workers safety systems were also seen to be based on their kinship affiliation. This was more than evident in the early stages of migration of communities post Second World War as a large number of people from Eastern Europe, Greece and Italy as well as Vietnam and the Middle East came in to feed the expanded need of labor. These however remained a sub text within the larger text provided by the industrial associations of labor unions, which were the primary institutions for support created by workers in Kembla. Control of Workers Within and in the Community While the workers seem to have developed reasonable order in their working lives due to creation of unions, their influence within the community was relatively weaker. Thus while there was unity amongst the workers themselves due to unionized structure of their organization which was to provide a safety network, within the society there were many pressures. Firstly the worker community itself was divided into a large number of unions such as the AWU, the Federated Ironworkers, the South Coast Labor Council and also political parties as the Communist party which had a strong presence in Port Kembla. This division perhaps led to weakening the position of the unions as a whole in the community.

Why Was There Relative Stability in the Balkans, In the Period 1890-1908? :: European Europe History

Why Was There Relative Stability in the Balkans, In the Period 1890-1908? Between the years of 1890 and 1908 there was a period of relative stability in the Balkan area. Whilst, in this essay, it is my primary objective to look at what factors caused this, it is first important to understand that the climate was only stable in comparison to the years before it - when there was great tension, argument and conflict. It would be naà ¯ve to assume that after 1890 there was none of the aforementioned; the importance of the word 'relative' should not be overlooked. Take, for example, the infamous Armenian massacres of 1894 and 1896. At that time there were about a million Armenians under Turkish rule. They were a badly oppressed minority, discriminated against in just about every conceivable way. When the Armenian people began to press for improved rights and independence, the Turkish reaction was to silence them through acts of murder. This is clearly not an act usually associated with stability. Another prime example that the stability in the Balkans was only ever relative is the crisis of 1903. The Serbian King was assassinated in a military coup and replaced by King Peter, who belonged to a different dynasty. He was pro-Russian which angered Austria-Hungary, who had been allied with Serbia. Austria-Hungary placed economic sanctions on the Serbs in the hope of forcing them back into an alliance, but this only succeeded in worsening relations between the two and pushing Serbia into Russian hands. That said, there is no doubt that the climate surrounding the Balkans was far more relaxed and stable between 1890 and 1908 than it had been for many decades beforehand. There were several factors that contributed to this, the primary reason being (in my opinion) the change in Russian foreign policy. Before 1890, Russian was often the root cause of tension and conflict, because of her foreign policy objectives - she had two principle objectives: to unite the Slav people of the Balkans, in order to create a 'Greater Motherland', and also to gain greater access to The Straits. This was most evident in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877, where Russia had emerged victorious, and attempted to create a 'Bigger Bulgaria' of Slav people in the (eventually) abortive treaty of San Stefano. After 1890 Russia felt that if they continued to pursue their interests in the Balkans, it was a lot of trouble for possibly no gain, so instead she began looking to the East and the far greater opportunities for expansion in China, Japan and Manchuria.

Little Women: a Look Into Gender Roles in 1941 Essay

A look into gender roles in 1941 The photograph â€Å"Little Girls with Their Dolls and Buggies† (1941), taken by Russell Lee, is of two young girls pushing baby dolls in carriages along a sidewalk in Caldwell, Idaho. It’s a bright, sunny day and the girls are walking alone, with no other people visible in the photograph. Both girls are smiling, and the girl pictured to the right is looking intently at the girl to the left. Behind the girls to the left we see a respectably sized house, and well maintained lawn. Behind them, the sidewalk endlessly continues to trees in the background. To the right of the picture there is a road which contains no cars. It appears to be in a middle to upper class, suburban neighborhood. They appear to be approximately the same age and are similarly dressed. It is an intriguing image that demonstrates traditionally accepted feminine gender roles during the mid 20th century. Gender roles can typically be defined as the behaviors and attitudes expected of male and female members of a society by that society. In 1941, women were typically expected to stay home and raise a family. They were also supposed to be social and they were Judged quite often on their appearance. These expectations of women were pushed upon them at a young age, as shown through the photograph. The girls appear to be about seven years old and they are already pushing around baby dolls and exploring their maternal roles. How identical the girls look is also a very revealing. The girls don’t look to be related, but yet they appear as mirror images of one another. They both have short, groomed hair, pulled away from their face. They are both wearing dresses, and are pushing ractically identical carriages. They are shaped to look â€Å"how a woman should† and follow the same expected role of women during that time period. I think it’s also important to note the variety of social influences of gender roles. Influence and reinforcement of gender roles often comes from the toys children play with. Dolls are traditionally a toy for girls. Dolls tend to represent feminine traits and help to prepare young girls for the task of motherhood. Children tend to get most of their toys from a parent or family member, who often has the strongest influences on a erson’s gender role. The young girls clothing also comes from their parents. This is yet another example of how their parents reinforce their perceived gender roles. Peers also play a role in shaping one’s anticipated gender role. During this time especially, peers responded more and got along better with children who fit traditional gender roles. This again leads back to how similarly the girls are dressed in the photograph and the similar toys theyre playing with. The girls are being conditioned to follow society and their peers assumed ideas of the roles they are expected to play. The girls are also walking alone; their parents are not in visible in the photograph. It’s like their parents are trying to let them be â€Å"little adults†. They’re preparing their children for their expected future of raising a family. Imposed gender roles are often hard to escape. Especially during the 1940’s, women had very specific assumed roles. While looking at Russell’s photo, you may see two young girls, message about traditional gender roles. It’s a shame that these girls, at such a young age, were being shaped to a very limited role that society has deemed to be their future.

Dingoes

NAME: _______________________________________ Persuasive Unit Packet In this persuasive essay you will persuade your reader which of the following inventions is most important (is the most valuable to mankind): 1. Electricity – from the light bulb to the computer 2. Writing – the printing press, books, and literacy 3. Immunization – vaccinations against disease 4. Modern Plumbing – the sink, toilet, shower You will be writing a five paragraph essay persuading your reader to think like you. In this packet are the tools that will lead you to write persuasively.This will be due at various times and must be submitted with your final draft. Write in the due dates below as your teacher tells you: * Rough draft to the INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH due * Rough draft to the BODY PARAGRAPH 1 & 2 due * Rough draft to the COUNTER PARAGRAPH due * Rough draft of CONCLUDING PARAGRAPH due * PEER EDITED ROUGH DRAFT due * FINAL, TYPED DRAFT DUE ON Introductory Paragraph Worksheet In the space below write your opinion on which invention you think is the most important. Now, provide six bullets as to why it’s the most important: * * * * * Now combine these thoughts into a rough draft of the thesis: is the invention because (topic)(adjective) (reason #1/body 1) and (reason #2/body 2) Attention Grabber/Active Research An effective persuasive essay includes a hook or attention grabber such as: * Giving some interesting information about your topic * Ask a thought-provoking question * Quote someone knowledgeable about your topic * Share an experience In order to do these, you must research your topic. Chart your research findings below: Fact| Source (website/book)| | | Quote| | Question| |Choosing three of the approaches above, and your research, develop each one into an attention getter: 1. 2. 3. Next, have a peer review these three and have him/her star and initial which one they like best. Introductory Paragraph Rough Draft Now, combine your attention gr abber and thesis and write a rough introductory paragraph. (use the example paragraph on the bottom as a model) Introductory Paragraph Example 1: Last year, our neighbors got a dingo. As a puppy, this Australian wild dog was very friendly. By the time it was six months old, though, the dingo was big and mean.After it attacked our dog, Animal control had to take the dingo away. What if our neighbors buy a baby crocodile next? Exotic pets might be interesting, but they can also cause a lot of trouble. People should think carefully before buying unusual pets because they do not always consider how it grows, they get tired of them, and the pets can even carry exotic diseases. (Write Source, â€Å"Avoiding Exotic Pets† p. 225) THERE IS ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF AN INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH ON THE NEXT PAGE Introductory Paragraph Example 2: The final bell rings. It’s the last day of school, and summer has finally come!For America’s students summer vacation means two and a half months without school, but recently many people are asking if this two and a half month break might be a factor in America’s declining education. In his latest interviews, President Obama has spoken about his plan to improve education in America. He has discussed the decline in the education system, and voiced concerns about the ability of American students to remain competitive with nations like Japan. While Obama has discussed changes for several areas of education, he has also proposed lengthening the school year.Although extending the school year is not a wildly popular idea, lengthening the school year will help American students become more competitive by helping to raise student achievement and providing low-income students with equal opportunities for success. Body Paragraph Research #1 Look back at your thesis. Write the FIRST reason you listed why your invention is the best and write it here: Now using this as your guide, research on destiny. sandi. net some evidenc e that proves this claim. Chart your findings below. Fact| Source (website/book)| | | | | | | | | | | | |Body Paragraph #1 Worksheet Write your topic sentence. This should introduce the first reason you listed why your invention is the best (as written in your thesis on worksheet page 2). Example: One problem is that owners often don’t think about what will happen when the animal grows. TS: Now look back at your Body Paragraph Research #1. On that page highlight or circle the two best pieces of evidence that support your claim (listed above). Label them A & B with B being your best (strongest) piece of evidence you have. Write these in a complete sentence below:Example: (CD/A) For example, potbellied pigs are cute when they are little, but they can be hard to handle later on. Your CD/A: Now, provide the commentary (CM) for your concrete details (CD). Remember, commentary explains to your reader how the concrete details support your topic sentence (TS) IN YOUR OWN WORDS. Examp le CM for CD/A: This fact proves that ownership of exotic animals becomes more difficult as the animal matures. Your CM: Your CD/B: Example: (CD/B) According to World Book Online, pigs may turn over furniture or dig up the backyard looking for something to eat.Now, provide the commentary (CM) for your concrete details (CD). Remember, commentary explains to your reader how the concrete details support your topic sentence (TS) IN YOUR OWN WORDS. Example CM for CD/B: This clearly proves that ownership of exotic animals becomes more difficult as the animal matures. Your CM: Lastly, you will end this body paragraph with a concluding sentence which will transition into reason number two that supports your topic (the second reason listed in your thesis). Example: In fact, in some cases owners become so overwhelmed with their esponsibilities that they take the drastic measure to give away their pet. Your CL: Body Paragraph #1 Rough Draft Below, this is an example of a body paragraph: One pr oblem is that owners often don’t think about what will happen when the animal grows (TS). For example, potbellied pigs are cute when they’re little, but they can be hard to handle later on (CD1). This fact shows that exotic animals can grow into a potential dangerous problem. (CM) According to World Book Online, pigs may turn over furniture or dig up the backyard looking for something to eat (CD2).This clearly proves that ownership of exotic animals becomes more difficult as the animal matures (CM). In fact, in some cases owners become so overwhelmed with their responsibilities that they take the drastic measure to give away their pet (CL). Below, this is an example of another first body paragraph: In recent years, American students have begun to fall behind their international peers. For example, President Obama has cited the fact that in the United States, â€Å"8th Grade curriculum is two year behind competing nations. † If the United States hopes to remain a world power, it is crucial that we take steps to raise our education standards.In order to raise our curriculum and hold our students to higher standards a longer school year is necessary. Furthermore, Obama stated that one third of 13-14 year-olds in America are not reading at grade level. These facts clearly show a huge problem within the U. S. educational system. The ability to read at an appropriate level is essential to success and understanding in school and life. Our educational system is faced with the job of preparing this countries youth for the future, and clearly our students are not developing the necessary skills.Finally, the US math score on the PISA (Program for International Student Assessment) test was a 487 which is below the international average of 496. With the advances being made in technology and science it is crucial that American student have a strong understanding of math and science principals. While other countries seem to be excelling in these subjects it is unacceptable for US student to be scoring below the international average. For many years the US has been an international superpower. In order to remain a superpower, The US must take steps to improve education and stop our students from falling behind.ON THE NEXT PAGE YOU WILL WRITE YOUR BODY PARAGRAPH ROUGH DRAFT Now, combine your work from PAGES 6 and 7 and write your first rough body paragraph. (use the example paragraphs on page 7 as a model) Body Paragraph Research #2 Look back at your thesis. Write the SECOND reason you listed why your invention is the best and write it here: Now using this as your guide, research on destiny. sandi. net some evidence that proves this claim. Chart your findings below. Fact| Source (website/book)| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Body Paragraph #2 Worksheet Write your topic sentence.This should introduce the second (and strongest) reason you listed why your invention is the best (as written in your thesis on worksheet page 2). Example: T he most serious problem is that owners who grow tired of their exotic pets have trouble finding new homes for them. TS: Now look back at your Body Paragraph Research #2. On that page highlight or circle the two best pieces of evidence that support your claim (listed above). Label them A & B with B being your best (strongest) piece of evidence you have. Write one in a complete sentence below: Example: (CD/A) Often, shelters cannot take these pets, so owners turn them loose.CD/A: Now, provide the commentary (CM) for your concrete detail (CD). Remember, commentary explains to your reader how the concrete details support your topic sentence (TS) IN YOUR OWN WORDS. Example: This example shows how overwhelming owning an exotic pet can be. CM: CD/B: (CD/B) According to the San Diego Tribune, when a woman in Florida reached into her flower garden, a tropical snake that had been turned loose by a neighbor attacked her. Now, provide the commentary (CM) for your concrete detail (CD). Remember, commentary explains to your reader how the concrete details support your topic sentence (TS) IN YOUR OWN WORDS.No example given. See first body paragraph. CM: Lastly, you will end this body paragraph with a concluding sentence which will end the supporting body paragraphs of your paper. Example: In conclusion, exotic animals, while fascinating, do not make the best household pets. CL: Now, combine your work from PAGES 9 and 10 to write your first rough body paragraph. (use the example from body paragraph as a model) Counter Argument Paragraph First, you will acknowledge that other arguments can be made in the defense of alternate inventions. (Immunization, Writing, Modern Plumbing, Electricity)Come up with three arguments used by ONE of the other three inventions discussed: 1. 2. 3. You may use a beginning similar to the examples below as your topic sentence: (choose only one of the sentences starters below): Some people will say Some believe An alternate way of thinking Choose the two weakest arguments from above about why this invention is important: 1. 2. Now, write a rebuttal: using research and your own thinking respond to one of the counter arguments above: __________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Now, using a conclusion sentence, refocus your counter-argument paragraph back to your opinion (topic): SEE NEXT PAGE FOR EXAMPLES OF COUNTER ARGUMENT PARAGRAPHS Counter-Argument Paragraph Rough Draft Below, this is an example of a counter-argument paragraph: (1) Some people would say that owning an exotic pet is a wonderful experience. (2) They might say that exotic pets make the owner stand out in a crowd. (3) They also might say that owning an exotic pet is a unique and rewarding experience. 4) While an exotic pet may be rewarding, a domesticated animal will provide that same if not safer reward. Accordi ng to ABC News Investigations reports of exotic pets attacking their owners have increased dramatically over the recent years. (5) It is clear to see that these unique animals also come with unique challenges especially when they mature. Below, this is another example of a counter-argument paragraph: While President Obama’s proposal has many supporters, not everyone agrees that the school year should be extended. Opponents of this proposal claim that extending the school year is simply too expensive.While budget must be considered, education is the foundation for our countries future. If we are going to invest money in anything it should be education. In a recent interview with Matt Lauer President Obama discusses the cost associated with extending the school year, saying, â€Å"that would be money well spent†. Another point often discusses by the opposition is, that shortening the school year will take away important family and social development time. Unfortunately, many students in our country do not have the ability to participate in summer learning activities.Summer camps and learning programs are a luxury often enjoyed by middle and upper class families. Without these programs many students experience summer learning loss wherein they can lose up to two months of math and reading skills. In summary, although there are arguments against extending the school year, it is important to consider what is best for our children. If we want to give all Americans the opportunity to compete in a global job market, it is important to invest in our students now and extend the school year. ON THE NEXT PAGE YOU WILL WRITE YOUR COUNTER ARGUMENT PARAGRAPH ROUGH DRAFTNow, combine your work from PAGES 11 AND 12 to write a rough counter-argument paragraph. (use the example paragraph above as a model) _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ ________________________ On Next Page You Will Write Your Concluding Paragraph Write Your Conclusion Paragraph Below: Restate your thesis: Now, write your strongest piece of evidence/support/CD from your first body paragraph: _______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ Now, write your strongest piece of evidence/support/CD from your second body paragraph: On the lines below write the sentences above as your CONCLUDING PARAGRAPH ROUGH DRAFT: _______________________________________________________________________________________ On the next and last page is an example of a conclusion paragraph. In conclusion, in order to keep our students from falling behind, and provide equal learning opportunities for low-income students, the United States needs to lengthen the school year.The facts clearly show that today’s students are falling behind. It is unac ceptable to allow our students to be falling behind in reading and math. It is unacceptable to allow two months of summer learning loss to occur. Something must be done. Education is the key to our countries future. As a country we need to show our students that we value and support their education. The best way to do this is by making the hard decisions, lengthening the school year, and doing what it takes to make our student competitive in a world market. THIS IS THE LAST PAGE. THERE ARE NO MORE PAGES.

Lord of the Flies Allegory essays

Lord of the Flies Allegory essays Goldings Lord of the Flies has functioned as an allegory for many readers ever since it was first published in 1954. There are many different symbolic ways that you are able to interpret the story as an allegory. You could see the book as an allegory for the struggle between good and the evil in the world. The characters in the story fit and characterize many of the same aspects of society and also the symbolic nature of religion. The main allegory in this story is the struggle between good and evil. At the time that this novel was written the good was the democratic republic states such as Britain, The United States, and France. The evil was the fascist states of Nazi Germany and Mussolinis Italy. Ralph symbolizes the good democracy and democratic rule. Jack wanted power and finally when he received it he became a type of dictator. Golding himself named the theme of his novel, The theme is an attempt to trace the defects of society back to the defects of human nature. The moral is that the shape of a society must depend on the ethical nature of the individual and not on any political system however apparently logical or respectable.(Golding 204) This whole theme really helps scholars and readers of his book to see the apparent allegory behind the story. The boys are first left on the island by a plane crash where only the boys survive. The island itself is boat shaped with a jungle and plenty of fruit trees almost like the garden of Eden.(29) The island itself can be thought of a mini earth. No grownups!(8) Ralph shouts when they first realize that they are alone. One of the first pieces of symbolism that helps create the allegory is the conch. The conch is the symbol of order and also assembly. The boys decide that the conch will be used for these purposes.(17) The boys on the island start out with order and wanting to make a society li ...

Internationalization and Cultural Implication for Joint Ventures in Saudi Arabia

Internationalization and Cultural Implication for Joint Ventures in Saudi Arabia International business text has paid particular interest to the study of internationalization and entry mode approaches of companies in various segments. However, very little studies that consider cultural implications in internalization have been accomplished. This paper shall review different literatures on internalization and cultural implications for joint ventures in Saudi Arabia.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Internationalization and Cultural Implication for Joint Ventures in Saudi Arabia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More First, a general explanation of the internalization process shall be presented followed by an in-depth review of joint ventures in Saudi Arabia and the cultural implications of doing business in Saudi Arabia, a nation dominated by the Islam, religion. A conclusion that summarizes the key points shall then be presented. Internalization During the process of internationalization, companies incr easingly spread their business functions and activities outside their national borders (Ahmad and Kitchen, 2008). International extension compels companies to construct three tactical decisions including: which target markets to go into, the right time of entry, and the way to penetrate those preferred markets (Hill, 2008). Besides, a firm has to design a marketing plan with guidelines on how to enter the alien market and lay down a control mechanism to keep an eye on its business progress (Hill, 2008). Foreign market choice is a compound process and is separated into four phases including: state recognition, preliminary viewing, thorough viewing and final assortment (Johansson, 2008). To emerge victorious, firms must identify market prospects and discern appropriate foreign markets. Kirzner (2005) reveals that the market can not be at equilibrium due to the gaps amid the demand and supply. Hence, firms should identify these gaps and monitor the markets vigilantly for investment cho ices. According to Hohenthal et al. (2006), companies face diverse economic, cultural, political and organization’s situation from their home. As a result, firms may choose markets that are related to their state of origin to avoid insecurity in an alien nation (Johanson Vahlne, 2006). Time of entry is another significant decision that influences the cost and profits of investment (Kwon Konopa, 2003; Sivakumar, 2004). Market information plays a very important role in entry timing (Mitra Golder, 2007).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In case a company accumulates adequate information on the economic and cultural surroundings of alien markets; it is fitting to penetrate those markets. Deficiency of knowledge and risk evasion hinders several firms entering indefinite and risky borders (Griffin Pustay, 2007). An essential subject in international extension is that according to the timing of entry, companies face different stages of institutional insecurity, which influences the competence of the entry plan (Papyrina, 2007). Entry manner is a type of strategy and dedication of resources that a company adopts when it settles on entering an alien market. The selection of the best entry mode is amid the vital strategic decisions for companies in the course of internationalization (Nakos and Brouthers, 2004). Assuming appropriate entry modes can help a company to achieve enhanced performance and endurance in alien markets since it involves diverse threats (Ekeledo Sivakumar, 2005). Entry mode preferences are separated into two features: equity and non-equity modes. Equity entry modes incorporate joint ventures and sole ownership (Wild et al., 2008). According to Griffin Pustay (2007), non-equity modes are further separated into market leaning modes and contractual modes. When a company adopts an equity mode, it’s supposed to make a preference among establishing a business from the start, purchasing an established firm, or a blend of both approaches (Griffin Pustay, 2007; Wild et al., 2008). Every entry mode approach has merits and demerits. Companies may pursue a range of criteria to select an appropriate entry mode. To acquire elevated returns from alien operations, companies may necessitate high resource dedication. Nevertheless, this augments the threat of international venture. Hence, companies must exercise superior control over their alien operations and partners (Blomstermo et al., 2006; Ekeledo Sivakumar, 2005)Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Internationalization and Cultural Implication for Joint Ventures in Saudi Arabia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Theoretical Views of Internalization Internationalization Theory As per the internationalization process theory, companies will pursue a regular process to internationalize their act ivities overseas (Johanson Vahlne, 2006). A company’s deeds during the institution of international extension begin from little resources dedication to a following greater dedication and power. Companies chiefly enter the markets that are well-known and have less paranormal space with their local state. According to Andersen ( 2003), this theory supposes that â€Å"for alien activities, a company moves via four phases starting with no consistent export deals, then export through host state mediators, followed by export via a foreign sales subsidiary, and lastly, foreign manufacture by an entirely owned subsidiary† (p. 57). Several scholars have condemned the internationalization process theory (Root, 2004). The series of phases was constrained to a precise state market (Andersen, 2003). The conjecture also ignored joint ventures and other contractual entry modes (Sharma Erramilli, 2006). Besides, this conjecture is too deterministic in character and is only significa nt in the premature stages of internationalization as markets turn out to be homogenous and supernatural space decreases (Melin, 2006). Networks Theory The networks method is usually founded on sociology of organizations. As Zacharakis (2005) proposes, the local state networks are initial point for the worldwide expansion of companies. Enduring competitive advantage is acquired via synergy. When a company has an enduring competitive advantage, its potential and resources are long-lasting, hard to spot and recognize, imperfect, transportable and difficult to imitate. The, theory then stresses the impact of firm-specific resources and trade networks on the global tactics of companies. In line with this theory, a system of interpersonal and inter-organizational associations that form the performance of firms to internationalize is the effect of the business and social systems but not via the internalization system of the market (Malhotra et al., 2005).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While the network theory presents a priceless approach towards the function of systems in internationalization, it fails to clarify the outcome of environmental aspects. Eclectic Paradigm Theory According to Dunning (1988), the eclectic paradigm also known as the ownership, localization and internalization model stresses that a firms’ global extension and entry tactic relies on a company’s resources together with relational and host state factors. Grounded on this perspective, if the local market has a location advantage greater than the target alien market, making sales to other countries is an appropriate entry mode. In case the host bazaar has a position advantage, the contractual entry mode is likely to be considered by companies (Sharma and Erramilli, 2006). In case the risk of agreement with home partners is elevated, foreign direct investments become the most suitable mode; if not, licensing is assumed (Sharma and Erramilli, 2006). This theory extended to joint venture mode (Agarwal Ramaswami (2000). The theory was expanded by considering the abilities and potential of the partners, spatial amalgamation amid positions and joint organizations (Sharma and Erramilli, 2006). Regardless of its experimental support, this conjecture is unable to offer an incorporated view for the elucidation and calculation of entry mode selection. It fails to explain why two companies operating in an identical business and with parallel rights internationalize. The model also disregard the effect of local state and internal aspects like a firm’s assets and manufactured goods character on the preference of entering alien markets. Additionally, it presumes that in absence of market failure, foreign direct investment does not take place but companies are usually implicated in alliances to enhance their competitive pose (Ekeledo and Sivakumar, 2005). Transaction Cost Theory The evasion mode of action in alien markets is low-control modes, although when compa nies experience elevated transaction costs allied to bargaining, supervising and executing a contract, they will prefer high power entry modes. Transaction Cost (TC) theory, argues that when competition is perfect, companies are synchronized and resources can be relocated among companies (Ekeledo and Sivakumar, 2005). Whilst a market is entirely aggressive, the market will control transactions by price system. This theory supposes that in the market where persons are usually investors, information will be unevenly shared among all trading firms, and asset exactness influences the character of the transaction (Cheng, 2006). The TC is not capable of validating the selection of entry mode in the fresh global business scenery. It is not able to balance foreign direct investment (FDI) with exporting successfully as it focuses on market malfunction situations that outcome in FDI. Besides, the theory does not acknowledge that strategic fears can inspire a firm to use a joint entry mode. Al though this theory gives reasons as to why a company may favor FDI as its entry mode, it neglects the function of location benefits (Ekeledo and Sivakumar, 2005). Resource-Based View to Resource-Advantage Theories Barney (2005) deems that companies have a basis of competitive advantage rooted from their priceless resources like assets and abilities. Firms can battle and attain their long-term aims if they have adequate resources and employ them efficiently (Sharma and Erramilli, 2004). The resource-based view (RBV) theory proposes that a company’s achievement in the market does not solely rely on environmental aspects but also on the company’s role and power on the environment (Barney, 2005). This conjecture argues that companies with precious capabilities and resources support high power modes, particularly when it pursues an international strategy (Ekeledo and Sivakumar, 2005). Hunt (2006) built on the thoughts of RBV in his resource advantage (RA) conjecture. He ass erts that since firm resources are varied and comparatively still, a number of firms may benefit from competitive advantage and improved performance. In addition, the specific manner of function in indefinite markets relies on the sort of resource advantage (Malhotra et al., 2005). Though some scholars view the resource based conjecture as the most outstanding clarification for the international development of companies, it fails to account for the selection of some entry mode policies including joint venture. Additionally, gauging some insubstantial assets seems tricky (Malhotra et al., 2005). Factors Affecting Internalization of Firms In general, business organizations do not pursue any exclusive model to internationalize their processes since they face diverse environmental surroundings. They may go into an exacting target market via different entry approaches based on their definite resources, abilities and tactics. Two sorts of factors control the international tactic, market c hoice and the selection of entry mode that is external and internal aspects (Quer et al., 2007). Internal aspects incorporate tactical considerations and firm-specific resources which can be controlled by companies. External aspects like industry factors and country factors are typically outside the power of the company (Ekeledo Sivakumar, 2005). Koch (2004) recommended that market choice and entry mode selection are influenced by several internal features, for instance the tactical concerns, a company’s resources , alien business practice and networking, and external features including latent and risk, target market and comparison amid host and home markets. Joint Ventures in Saudi Arabia Joint ventures are the leading type of multinational business in Saudi Arabia. Besides, joint ventures are commonly favored by most industrial investors in Saudi who are in search for foreign allies. A joint venture in Saudi Arabia normally involves a business amid a company that has super ior business and technical abilities and a company that boasts superior local acquaintance and broad commercial potency (Mababaya, 2002). One of the toughest pleas of joint ventures is that they significantly decrease, by the sum of the partner’s input to the business enterprise, the fiscal and political threats which are the chief barriers to direct foreign investment. Most entrepreneurs feel that the existence of a home partner in a business enterprise overseas safeguards absolute expropriation in the more wobbly nations in the globe. Similarly, some other emerging nations do not allow a subsidiary run by an alien licensor to pay royalties. An additional benefit of joint ventures is that they ease admission into a novel market and access to market data. Joint ventures are also beneficial in pooling the required capital, knowledge and skills, which are feasible amid local and alien partners (Ali, 2009). Jointly, the partners provide capital which either one solely would not afford or fear to risk. With the increasing demand for private investment among other motives, most people believe that the all-inclusive joint business venture will eventually turn out to be the most vital means of private foreign investment in the world. In the emerging world, Saudi Arabia included all types of joint ventures lead international activities (Mababaya, 2002). Actually, joint ventures are employed four times more often in less industrialized nations than in industrialized nations. Nevertheless, all these does not mean that joint venture in the less industrialized nations, counting Saudi Arabia, does not pretense any possible disadvantage. From the stance of multinational businesses, one general problem they encounter is finding suitable partners in the alien nations, who have both administrative talent and funds (Ali, 2009). Some global companies favor totally owned subsidiaries overseas as they are not ready to sacrifice sovereignty of action in their fabrication and marketing actions either locally or overseas. For them, joint ownership means joint administration, takings and control. A number of companies may try to evade joint venture due to the complexities occurring from disparities in cultural values and principles of business, which force them to compromise so as to persist and do well (Ali, 2009). In some emerging nations, joint ventures may equally be negatively affected by detrimental business environment occurring due to substandard communication services, poor infrastructure and bad market projections. Apart from the need to deal with cross-cultural disparities, the abovementioned problems of cross-region joint ventures do not exist in Saudi Arabia. Actually, a joint venture amid an alien entrepreneur and a Saudi partner is deemed the best, in addition to being the most common method of doing business in Saudi Arabia (Mababaya, 2002).Multinational organizations having joint ventures in the territory profit from the accessibility of first-class infrastructure, up to date communication amenities and low-priced public services. Similarly, Saudi Arabia’s strategic position being in the middle of West and East allows it to be an excellent base for supply in the close bazaars of the Middle East and other places. Joint ventures with Saudi partners are as well striking due to the existence of an established economic and political atmosphere; knowledgeable personnel in marketing and administration; good fiscal, credit and borrowing services from banks; as well as tax holidays (Ali, 2009). Fresh incentives to alien investors have additionally been established in the Foreign Investment Act. Under this fresh act, alien investors are permitted have complete ownership of ventures and to enjoy liberty to send back profits and capital (Mababaya, 2002). Similarly, a licensed business venture mutually owned by a Saudi resident and an alien partner or entirely owned by an alien investor shall have all the motivations, ben efits and securities of a national venture consistent with all relevant policies and orders. In every joint venture, the alien partner should be set to realize and consider the desires of his local complements in the business. In fact, practicing a joint venture across state borders requires trust, thoughtfulness, taking several risks, setting-up connections, conciliation skill and tolerance on both parties concerned. Trust is an essential requirement for the collaborating group to fruitfully pursue their joint aims. Equally, partners’ dedication must be there for the joint venture to thrive. Alien companies should also consider investment guidelines of the regime in the host nation. In several Asian states and in many other places, foreign direct investment is permitted but foreign impartiality is limited to less than 49%. In Saudi Arabia, the regime does not bar the institution of a 100% alien controlled company, although pursuing it will deny the global business a chance t o get incentives that are typically given to joint ventures in Saudi Arabia. Generally, joint venture agreement or the wider notion of coalition capitalism is regular with the concept that synchronization is made on an arm’s length center or inside the open market structure. Joint ventures match with liberated private enterprise economies, where harmonization of fiscal activities takes place through non-coercive deliberate collaboration, so that the parties concerned can take lead of the recent science and knowledge. Joint venture in Saudi Arabia is registered as a disconnect joint-stock business, which is take care of just like other home joint-stock businesses with both collaborating firms fairly embodied in the board of executives (Mababaya, 2002). Concerning tenure, decision-making and management, the capacity of the alien colleague to manipulate the joint venture is directly relative to its capital contribution to the enterprise (Ali, 2009)..similarly, the costs of commo dities delivered from the joint venture to the collaborating firms are resolved freely in relation to the market relations of supply and demand. Depending on the contract amid the joint venture partners, experimental prices may be used to ease smooth stream of goods and services amid the joint venture and the collaborating firms. Similarly, experimental prices may be made rigid for the supply of production from the joint venture to some contracted cross-boundary market channels, including associates of any of the two partners. In reality, the experimental prices will later be outmoded by final prices dogged in relation to some pricing formula that is grounded eventually on the open market price method. Following this logic, the survival of joint ventures cannot be explicated via the presumption of international production or internalization theory of multinational activities (Ali, 2009). This is the case since the internalization theory deems the propensity of multinational companie s to internalize a market, for instance through vertical integration, as a way of overriding the price system or the free market system. A joint venture can also be preferred in Saudi Arabia as a subsidiary of the Saudi fiscal counterbalance program. Counterbalance programs are types of counter-trade actions used by growing economies usually in an attempt to decrease the heavy load of contract-founded imports (Mababaya, 2002). The counterbalance scheme amid contracting members may entail joint ventures, skill transfer and goods exchange. In addition, it could also contain foodstuff importation, building projects, arms procurements and supply of administration services. For instance, the Peace Shield I, a pact signed amid Boeing Co and the Saudi government is a counterbalance project. The verdict by any multinational firm doing or preparing to do trade in Saudi Arabia relies on several factors. Generally, these factors consist of: the charisma of the host nation’s location-spe cific advantages, the want to develop market shares and the want to make more gains (Ali, 2009). The organization’s propensity towards shielding and utilizing its personal company-specific advantages, such as the ownership of a relatively advanced techno logy, also manipulates its plans and resolutions to invest in a foreign country. similarly, the strategic powers and core values of a company, particularly the one that merits the title of a futurist firm, pressures the success of its policies, strategies and activities at home or globally. In Saudi Arabia, international business activities cover all types of commercial, value-adding actions outside the boundaries of global production (Ali, 2009). Some of these include: setting up global marketing agencies, appointing managers, comprehending direct import/ export, planning project administration, and seeking certification. In Saudi Arabia, main multinational car manufacturers enter the market through their selected local dist ributors or via opening their individual marketing and maintenance agencies. Car producers such as Chrysler, Mercedes Benz, Ford, Toyota, Nissan and General Motors are all embodied in the Saudi market via their individual sanctioned local agents or brokers (Mababaya, 2002). Famous multinational businesses such as Mitsubishi, Shell and Mobil have chosen to form joint ventures as a way of acquiring shares in the Saudi bazaar and close area markets. These multinational firms do not have their individual manufacture subsidiaries in the realm, despite their personal ownership-specific advantages such as machinery, administration expertise and profuse capital (Ali, 2009). Some multinational firms have diverse sorts of businesses in Saudi Arabia. For example, some firms offer consulting and technology services while still serving as suppliers for government ventures. Key multinational firms have practically no wholly industrialized subsidiaries in Saudi Arabia, since the state policy does not actually support it. What the regime encourages is for alien firms to have mutual business enterprises with Saudi firms or Saudi habitats. In isolation, multinational firms select other business paths other than worldwide production. However, this does not imply that alien companies are banned from having entire subsidiaries in the realm. As revealed before, the Saudi administration adopted the Foreign Investment Act which permits alien investors to have full tenure of ventures and grants them freedom to send back capital and labors. It is important to note that alien firms, covering no direct foreign investment in Saudi Arabia, can typically export their goods to the realm without major hurdles (Ali, 2009). Thus it is quite usual to see key brands of eminent American firms such as Hewlett Packard, IBM and Compaq in Saudi Arabia. These goods are neither formed in Saudi Arabia nor in America, but in South Korea, China or in other places. These firms choose to export their goods t o Saudi Arabia from their subdivisions in other places, rather than internalizing the Saudi souk. In theory, internalization happens only if the profits outpace the equivalent overheads (Janssen Sandberg, 2008).Foreign government rules and boundaries need to be reflected on also while internalizing a market. Internalization is the practice of creating a market inside a company. The interior market of a firm takes alternates for the missing customary or peripheral market. Economic allotment and sharing inside the internal market occurs via executive fiat, together with transfer pricing. The internalization method accounts for the rationale behind internal and domestic fabrication. Also in theory, when the business costs of the usual market are extreme, a strong incentive for firms to make interior markets will come to existence (Janssen Sandberg, 2008). Similarly, firms institute entirely owned subsidiaries across state borders so as to conquer or reduce qualms and instabilities in the provision of expected raw materials. They also wish to reduce transaction costs implicated in looking for and procurement of unrefined resources; to reduce qualms related to post- procurement sustenance; and to reduce overheads of organizing inputs. Global firms can be enticed to invest in an alien state, if the alien state has competitive advantages proportional to other states (Hamilton, 2009). In the instance of Saudi Arabia, competitive advantages include: existence of up to date airstrips and seaports; existence of outstanding inter-city public roads and good road network; and enhanced communication amenities. These benefits are quite inspiring and among the finest in the globe. Actually, Saudi Arabia has many determinants of state benefits. For example, with respect to the factor surroundings, current fundamental industries in Saudi Arabia have in past years attracted key multinational firms to venture in the realm. Big international companies such as, Mobil, Shell and Ex xon formed joint ventures in the kingdom (Johanson Vahlne, 2006). The investment income from these businesses has been extremely good. Plentiful low-cost materials are united with up to date infrastructure and low-priced skilled manual labor supply from Asia and other countries. Concerning demand situation, the Saudi bazaar for consumer and industrial commodities is the leading in the Middle East, and continues to expand every day. There is also the existence of allied and sustaining industries in Saudi Arabia, which are globally aggressive. Similarly, the situation of competition in many consumer goods sold in the whole territory is enough to cause global firms to react competitively and sensibly. In other words, how multinational firms function in Saudi Arabia and in other areas of the sphere is part of internalization practice which takes the shape of worldwide trade and joint ventures allowing entirely owned ventures among other elements (Janssen Sandberg, 2008). It is a pract ice where the groups of actors concerned have to pact with a dynamic atmosphere where the operation of change is the custom, but not exclusion. It also engrosses international co-ordination and combination of actions, if the condition dictates and there is receptiveness to market-specific necessities and circumstances. Global business players require strategic views, tactical positioning and all kinds of appropriate management practices to tackle globalization inclinations and transformations (Hamilton, 2009). They can not fuse to merely one cross-border trade option, similar to that of entirely owned global production. Sometimes, they have to make very hard choices, such as decisions related to: purchases, joint ventures, unions and licensing, for them to endure and developing the modern business environment (Hamilton, 2009). Similarly, the matter of control and ownership of transnational business is a hard decision since it is not regarded as a monopoly. At times, business partner s disintegrate and become rivals while at other times rivals turn out to be friends through joint ventures. Key business players at times fight on the international face by distributing similar goods and services while other times they work as partners through joint ventures which creates and markets similar or different goods. Hence, in the current business globe, it is difficult to come across a global firm that lacks a joint business partner in the vicinity or globally. Joint ventures constantly feature in business news. In prospect, the same tendency may persist, provided that the players find shared satisfaction and gains in their tactical decisions and dealings. Nevertheless, as nations stick to the globalization economies growingly, blockades to foreign investments may all ultimately vanish. If international ventures do not have to fret about alien government intrusion together with host state nationalization force and policy restrictions in prospect, they may be lured to lea ve joint ventures and may turn to entirely owned business procedures ( Mababaya, 2003). This situation may be coaxing, considering that joint ventures are not usually the best alternative for multinationals as it requires hard decisions regarding ownership arrangement, administration constituents and sharing profit. In Saudi Arabia, the joint venture course is still overriding, and is projected to stay so in the near future. Cultural Issues and Implications Saudi Arabia acts as the center for all Muslims in the world, since this is where the two holy cities of Makkah and Madinah are located. This implies that Islamic culture and moral values are considered central to be understood by multinational firms doing trade or preparing to venture in Saudi Arabia (Whetherly Otter, 2011). In the business area, multinational firms doing or preparing to do business in alien nations such as Saudi Arabia will have better competitive advantages and will be in a position to improve their competiti ve stances and benefits as they get more acquainted with the Islamic culture ( Mababaya, 2003). On the trade and industry front, Muslims are directed by open cultural principles, which have significant implications to real business existence. Allah instructs Muslims to be honest and not to leave justice in all interactions with people, including trades dealings. Business actions or transactions, particularly but not restricted to those bearing potential executions, are required to be documented into written agreements appropriately signed by them and their observers (Whetherly Otter, 2011). The subjects involved in the business must devotedly abide by the documented contracts and accomplish all commitments they have settled upon (Mababaya, 2003). Like a cost-effective man, committed Muslims exactingly adhere to these basic business-legal principles, and those who transact with them are required to act in a related manner. This must be borne in mentality by those who have business c oncern in Saudi Arabia or in another place in the Muslim environment. Both vendors and buyers are required to be precise in weighing commodities (Mababaya, 2003). Debtors are also compelled to compensate their debts. In case a Muslim passes on, his bequest can only be dispersed to his legitimate heirs upon compensation of any debts.similarly a Muslim lender is expected to be moderate to his debtor. He must give his debtor adequate time to reimburse him. However if he decides to decline the debt and regard it as a donation to him or her, that will be healthier for him. Appreciating the Islamic veto of usury is vital for multinational firms doing or preparing to do trade in the Muslim environment (Mababaya, 2003). Parties implicated in trade must stay away from usury. In addition, the parties concerned in business must shun corruption, hoarding and monopoly (Whetherly Otter, 2011). A few Islamic guiding principles for commerce include: openhandedness of both the vendor and the consum er; evading going into a transaction when someone else is already undertaking the deal; common consent; support of importation of merchandise and restriction to hoarding; censure of taking vows in business; and promotion of income sharing and partnership (Beekun, 2008). Islam forbids theft or burglary and regards it as a capital crime. Islam also forbids land seizure. Betting together with the buying, selling and use of liquors are all banned (Shoult, 2006). Selling of images with animated items is also not permitted in Islam. Selling of liberated individuals to slavery is as well prohibited. Other prohibited commerce includes making prophecies in exchange for money and practicing prostitution (Whetherly Otter, 2011). Islam bans all these and other illegal business dealings as they cause harms, differences and insecurity in the world. They also unlock doors to wicked actions, which make people to commit more sins. When it comes to meeting the essential wants, a Muslim is obliged by Allah to eat just what is legalized and fine. For instance deceased meat, pork and blood are not legalized by Allah the Almighty. In fact, the ban of flesh from swine in Islam is categorical and strictly observed by all practicing Muslims. Muslims should also not consume anything that is used for sacrifice or meat from any animal that is murdered by choking or by being blushed to demise (Beekun, 2008). Muslims are also not permitted to consume anything that undomesticated animals have partially consumed and any flesh alienated by raffling with bullets. Prevention of smoking in Islam is founded on the fact that Allah counsels people not to let their own hands add to their annihilation and not to consume up their possessions in prides (Ali, 2009). A multinational corporation that is conscious of all these restrictions will have the benefit of not hurting the Muslim clients. It will be in a position to shun mistakes and problems that it may encounter in trading with its Saudi ally on a cultural foundation. A global firm can augment its competitiveness by investigating on what the Muslim consumers’ desire (Ali, 2009). Any company that always holds to meeting consumer necessities will be successful in the long term. In fact, these restrictions in Islam have very significant implications to global firms. Conversely, Islam requires people to do what is good and legitimate. It motivates fortification of the environment, planting seeds and trees, preservation of natural resources and the security of individual and other’s possessions (Mababaya, 2003). To pass on while defending possessions is a form of martyrdom among the Muslims. This means that Muslims do not accept unfairness, treachery, scams, deceit, cheating, fraud, and other outlawed business dealings in their economic hunt. Allah expects faithful Muslims to take pleasure in the rewards that He has given them in legitimate ways. Simultaneously, He cautions them not to be profligate or to commit ov erindulgence in their consumption of resources. The law is toward self-control in spending. Islam stresses and pays hard efforts. A person has to labor hard to make his living. Islam also supports donations to the deprived and the disadvantaged. However, Islam dejects begging and stinginess (Beekun, 2008). Begging as vocation is forbidden. Incentive and reimbursement programs must be proportional to worker’s pros, productivity and assistance to the enterprise. Managers are required to pay wages and salaries of workers on time. The importance of time is also a component of Islamic experiences. Muslims are obliged to pray frequently; five times each day. They are also required to give Zakat occasionally in each year. They should carry out fasting and pilgrimage throughout the set periods. Time should be spent sensibly to do good deeds and bond to those who teach the traditions of Islam. Time must never be shattered in unlawful trading. When commerce is carried out with extreme honesty, justice and impartiality, it turns out to be a kind of worship (Beekun, 2008). For Muslims, everything that delights Allah is a type of worship, provided that it is conducted earnestly for Him, and provided that it is conducted in agreement with the Sunnah and the Qur’an. Muslims are required to be vibrant and progressive, as Allah cannot transform their circumstances if they themselves have not agreed to change. Both consumers and vendors have to be precise in weighing commodities and must be solid in avoiding dishonesty. The position of women in the whole Muslim humanity is actually intertwined with Islam (Shoult, 2006). In Islamic religion, sacred and moral responsibilities are similar for both women and men. A small number of exclusions subsist in this respect, although they favor the part of a woman. For example, she is excused from some sacred responsibilities like fasting and prayer during her normal monthly periods. She is too not expected to attend the compu lsory prayers held in the mosque. This happens because Islam religion considers a woman’s key roles to be that of taking care of the family and maintaining the homestead. On the money-making face, Islam does not forbid women from laboring remote to the household setting. In contrast, it has given them the freedom to own and run their personal enterprises (Shoult, 2006). Regarding the matter of women in the Saudi Arabian labor force, a huge number of them are in employment. The regime is also preparing to open the private segment so as to provide work for Saudi women aligned with the kingdom’s plan towards making employment public. In this view, constructing markets and shopping centers that are special for women are a few of the strategies to create employment prospects for women in Saudi (Shoult, 2006). In conclusion, Joint ventures are the leading type of multinational business in Saudi Arabia. A joint venture in Saudi Arabia normally involves a business amid a compa ny that has superior business and technical abilities and a company that boasts superior local acquaintance and broad commercial potency. Among the benefits of joint ventures is that they ease admission into a novel market and access to market data and pool the required capital, knowledge and skills, which are feasible amid local and alien partners. Joint venture in Saudi Arabia is registered as a disconnect joint-stock business, which is take care of just like other home joint-stock businesses with both collaborating firms fairly embodied in the board of executives. In assumption, internalization happens only if the profits outpace the equivalent overheads.Foreign government rules and boundaries need to be reflected on also while internalizing a market. Global firms can be enticed to invest in an alien state, if the alien state has competitive advantages proportional to other states. In the instance of Saudi Arabia, competitive advantages include: existence of up to date airstrips and seaports; existence of outstanding inter-city public roads and good road network; and enhanced communication amenities. Actually, Saudi Arabia has many determinants of state benefits. For example, with respect to the factor surroundings, current fundamental industries in Saudi Arabia have in past years attracted key multinational firms to venture in the realm. Saudi Arabia acts as the center for all Muslims in the world, since this is where the two holy cities of Makkah and Madinah are located. This implies that Islamic culture and moral values are considered central to be understood by multinational firms doing trade or preparing to venture in Saudi Arabia. In the business area, multinational firms doing or preparing to do business in alien nations such as Saudi Arabia will have better competitive advantages and will be in a position to improve their competitive stances and benefits as they get more acquainted with the Islamic culture. On the trade and industry front, Muslims a re directed by open cultural principles, which have significant implications to real business existence. For instance, Muslims are expected to be honest and not to leave justice in all interactions with people, including trades dealings. Islam also forbids theft or burglary, land seizure, betting, buying, selling and use of liquors, selling images with animated items, fortune telling and prostitution. When commerce is carried out with extreme honesty, justice and impartiality, it turns out to be a kind of worship. For Muslims, everything that delights Allah is a type of worship, provided that it is conducted earnestly for Him, and provided that it is conducted in agreement with the Sunnah and the Qur’an. A multinational corporation that is conscious of all these restrictions will have the benefit of not hurting the Muslim clients. It will be in a position to shun mistakes and problems that it may encounter in trading with its Saudi ally on a cultural foundation. A global firm can augment its competitiveness by investigating on what the Muslim consumers’ desire. Any company that always holds to meeting consumer necessities will be successful in the long term. In fact, these restrictions in Islam have very significant implications to global firms. References Agarwal, S. Ramaswami, S. N. 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Immortal Gods and Goddesses From Greek Mythology

Immortal Gods and Goddesses From Greek Mythology There are many types of immortal beings in Greek mythology. Some are depicted as humanoid, some as part animal, and some personifications are not readily visualized. The gods and goddesses of Mt. Olympus can walk among mortals undetected. They each tend to have a special area they control. Thus, you have the god of thunder or grain or the hearth. Individual Gods and Goddesses From Mt. Olympus HadesZeusPoseidonApolloAresDionysusHephaestusHestiaDemeterHeraArtemisAthenaAphrodite The Titans are among the more confusing of the immortals of Greek mythology. Some of them are stuck in the Underworld suffering for their misdeeds against the Olympian gods. Special Female Deities: Muses and Nymphs The Muses were considered responsible for the arts, sciences, and poetry and were the children of Zeus and Mnemosyne, born in Pieria. Nymphs appear as beautiful young women. There are several types and some individual nymphs who are famous in their own right. Naiads are one variety of nymphs. Roman Gods and Goddesses When talking about Greek mythology, the Romans are usually included. Although their origins may have been different, the main Olympian gods are the same (with a name change) for the Romans. Even before the Romans started expanding their empire around the time of the Punic Wars, they came in contact with other native peoples in the Italic peninsula. These had their own beliefs, many of which influenced the Romans. The Etruscans were particularly important. Other Creatures Greek mythology has animal and part animal creatures. Many of these have supernatural powers. Some, like the Centaur Chiron, are capable of giving up the gift of immortality. Others can be killed with great difficulty and only by the greatest of the heroes. Snake-haired Medusa, for instance, killed by Perseus aided by Athena, Hades, and Hermes is one of the three Gorgon sisters and is the only one who can be killed. Perhaps they dont belong in a grouping of immortals, but they arent quite mortal, either. Beliefs There were many beliefs in the ancient world. When the Romans started expanding, they sometimes joined together native deities with ones that sounded similar from back home. In addition to the religions with many gods, there were others like Judaism, Christianity, and Mithraism  that were basically monotheistic or dualistic.

Political science two essay questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Political science two questions - Essay Example Congress is said to have become exemplary of a parliamentary system with parties either rooting for the president’s agenda or they are in the opposition, and the suppression of minority input is rampart. Mann and Ornstein draw attention to numerous illustrations of partisan excesses in the house with the speaker increasingly becoming an active partisan. They contrast this to the speaker’s stipulated role in the constitution as an officer of the whole house. This role is diminished when the speaker gets actively involved in lobbying for votes. Restrictions on floor amendments and debate are amongst the procedural constraints that are increasingly being employed to eliminate minority input in Congress’ legislation and deliberations (Uhr, 2009). Mann and Ornstein cite the disappearance of effective Congressional oversight in the event the president and the Congressional majorities are of the same party, which is a serious weakening of the checks and balances of the system. According to Mann and Ornstein, the current situation in the Congress is not nearly as bad as it was during the United States’ (US) first 75 years in which slavery tore the country apart. This though does justify what is happening in the US because back then it was during the 19th century, and the US did not play a large and significant role domestically and internationally as it does at the moment. It has been observed that Congress does not deliberate and legislate as much as it used to do before that is characterized by legislations being rushed through committees and subcommittees with little debate or deliberation. Lack of interest in the robust deliberative process of legislation is a symptom of broader maladies in the contemporary Congress (Ornstein, Mann & Malbin, 2009). Mann and Ornstein are of the opinion that there is a belief in Congress that deliberation, bipartisanship, fairness and debate are impediments towards the achievement of the larger goal of par ty and political success. This can be construed to echo the adage that states ‘the end justifies the means.’ Mann and Ornstein effectively demonstrate the broken nature of Congress by illustrating how it mishandled the vital issue of continuity in the event of a terrorist attack or other catastrophe (Sasada, 2008). These vital aspects that are nonpartisan are considered by the House like partisan issues. The Congress’ inability to appropriately address such vital and pertinent issues is proof of the House’s dysfunctional nature, which is agreeable in this context and the apparent failures in delivering their pre-election agendas and promises. A characteristic of this is the subordination of Congress as an independent arm of government through partisan endeavors. Mann and Ornstein promote a progressive reform movement for Congress through various measures like internal reforms, ethics and lobbying reform efforts, campaign finance reforms and the destruction of the seniority system in the House. Question #2 The powers and practices of the executive branch of the US government in the founding days were characterized by an escalating affront against checks and balances. The founding fathers claimed to have immunity from oversight by Congress and the courts, which can be interpreted to mean that their practices were a mere extension an established trend towards increasing executive power. There are recent claims to presidential authority through the contortion of a unitary executive, which is perceived

Discussion Board paragraph Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discussion Board paragraph - Essay Example In criminological language, victimless crime is now expressed as Public order crime. Newman (2005) states that â€Å"The U.S. Government uses victimless crimes to control and manipulate its citizens. Prosecuting victimless crimes is driving our country into debt, destroying the Bill of Rights, destroying families and leaving more of our population in prison than any other country. Often the hysteria of victimless crimes traps innocent people and destroys their lives. Victimless crimes also erode respect for the law.†    There are convinced crimes, which may be measured as victimless crimes, which moreover are forbidden, or not. Certainly, almost everything can be forbidden (for instance not wearing a veil as a lady). This is merely a small list of genuine or historical illegal actions in western society that can be measured as victimless crimes. The laws beside victimless crimes are not straight intimidation to seclusion themselves. In criminalizing definite performance, society makes a verdict that there can be no personal importance in those actions. However victimless crime laws do bully the privacy of guiltless because of the scrutinizing and analysis they need for enforcement. No one of the contestant in a victimless crime will account it to authorities. To implement this kind of offense law, authorized authorities must employ in widespread observance, wiretapping, and close watch of suspected criminals and the community. Certain laws are: William Acton in his book â€Å"Prostitution† (1968) blames women for Prostitution when he says, â€Å""Every unchaste woman is not a prostitute. By unchastity a woman becomes liable to lose character, position, and the means of living; and when these are lost is too often reduced to prostitution for support, which, therefore, may be described as the trade adopted by all women who have abandoned an

Optimum Class Size Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Optimum Class Size - Essay Example Outline This paper examines the effect of class proportions on introductory accounting pupil performance within the perspective of a dynamic learning setting. Class group actions were applied as an essential part of the education environment in both small and large divisions. This paper analyses the studies conducted by academics and argues for the thesis statement. An investigative look into the conclusions of academics and scholars reveals that thesis statement is in fact true and proven. Academic Evidence The subject of class size and its influence on student knowledge has been a time-honored debate across institutes and schooling levels (Siegel et al., 1959 cited in Murdoch and Guy, 2002: p271; Simmons, 1959 cited in Murdoch and Guy, 2002: p271; Shane, 1961 cited in Murdoch and Guy, 2002: p271; Laughlin, 1976 cited in Murdoch and Guy, 2002: p271; McConnell and Sosin, 1984: cited in Murdoch and Guy, 2002: p271; Williams et al., 1985: cited in Murdoch and Guy, 2002: p271). Analyses have been wide-ranging through disciplines. Simmons (1959: p309-15) detected a greater failure degree and lesser overall accomplishment for intermediate algebra learners in big class settings. However, Williams et al. (1985: cited in Murdoch and Guy, 2002: p272), Siegel (1959: cited in Murdoch and Guy, 2002: p272), and Laughlin (1976: cited in Murdoch and Guy, 2002: p271) in studies through numerous disciplines, all resolved that class size does not affect pupil education. On the subject of accounting class proportions, Anderson (1964: cited in Murdoch and Guy, 2002: p272) contended that, though tiny classes with outstanding teachers are best, large classes with exceptional teachers are better than small classes with less skilled teachers. A revision by Baldwin (1993: cited in Murdoch and Guy, 2002: p271) concentrated on this very matter. It examined whether a reputable teacher with an exceptional standing as a lecturer could attain results in a bulk lecture segment that were equiv alent to or better than doctoral pupils could accomplish with smaller divisions. Baldwin determined that there was no noteworthy variance in apprentices’ performance. Likewise, Hill (1998: cited in Murdoch and Guy, 2002: p271) discovered no performance benefits for small classes. Certainly, when Hill reckoned for grade point average (GPA) and attending, the large fragment outdid the small division in both concluding examination marks and general course ranking. Literature Review The Baldwin (1993: cited in Murdoch and Guy, 2002: p272) learning has limits that propose extra inquiries may add to the facts concerning class size in accounting studies. In his study, Baldwin disclosed that an prized teacher trained the large section whereas doctoral students trained the smaller classes and that this teacher observed some burden to do a decent job so as not to hurt an otherwise satisfactory teaching status. Baldwin’s goal was not to regulate variables other than strength prop ortions, but to match outcomes from Introductory Accounting communicated in a bulk-lecture design by an exceptional teacher to results achieved by doctoral student teachers in smaller divisions.

Multicultural Counseling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Multicultural Counseling - Essay Example Hence besides acquiring knowledge of the shared values, it also becomes necessary to acquiring knowledge of the different values in the class system among the African Americans. After all each individual is unique and needs to be looked at it from this perspective, in the counseling process. The common cultural values prevalent in African American communities are essentially those of the African American communities originating in West Africa. These cultural values on various points clash with those of the dominant white cultural values. For instance the American cultural values are oriented towards individualism, competition, material accumulation, nuclear families, religion, religion as distinct from the other parts of culture and domination of nature. This is in sharp contrast to the to the values dominant in the African American communities with importance given to the collective over the individual, kinship and affiliation, extended families, spirituality, connectedness, harmony with nature, and holistic thinking. Centuries of racist practice have made all African Americans view the whites as a dominating community and the variance in cultural values have caused the African American to have the view that the white cultural values are being thrust on them, and do not want anything to with them, as a sign of their freedom from white dominance. This feeling is bound to be more intense in the lower classes of society, as there is a tendency to lay the blame of their social position on the attempts of the whites to dominate them. Changing socio-economics among the African Americans have brought with it a growing middle class of society to the African Americans. This class of African American society, while retaining the common cultural values is more amenable to understanding and accepting the values of the dominant white community (Baytops, Day-Vines, & Patton, 2003). Cultural

The singer solution to world poverty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The singer solution to world poverty - Essay Example For this reason, the paper will dwell on the possible and unreasonable solutions stated by Peter Singer as a solution for world poverty. In brief, Singer believes that a person’s action will be judged by its result. As a utilitarian philosopher, he believes that Dora did the right thing in deciding to get the child back. In this manner, the moral issue here is that Dora was haunted by the fact the she was able to see the child, which caused her to feel guilty of her actions. Personal interaction was the most dominant difference between Dora and an American who will be donating. However, Singer cited that if an American chose to donate $200 to charity rather than spending it on unnecessary things, he or she will be able to save five children from dying. In a personal level, the argument of Singer in act donating is agreeable because the expected result would be saving at most five lives of children in poverty. In an average, $200 is a little amount of money to spare in order to help other people, especially a child, to live. It is inevitable to be persuaded by Singer in this part of his argument especially in knowing that this amount will be sufficient for four years to help a sickly child be healthy when he or she comes to the age of six. As a person, Singer’s argument holds much more than the consequences of a person’s action. It exemplifies a person’s capacity to help others, which is more profound rather than buying a new shirt with $200. On the other hand, in the later part of the text, Singer’s argument shifted from $200 to donating almost all of what is left after a family had spent for their necessities. He cited that an American household’s annual income is $50,000, and the annual expenses would be $30,000. Therefore, the average $20,000 left must be donated to charity. Singer’s persuasion in donating had lost its point when he asked for every individual to donate all their extra wealth. In a personal lev el, when Singer’s argument headed on this direction, it became less persuasive because first, it became unfair. For one, donating the money of what is left after spending for necessities is unfair for the person who had worked hard to earn that money. It is by far saying that a person must work hard in order to save the lives of other people and not think of themselves. Yes, the notion is realistic especially in seeing the statistics of death due to poverty. However, it is also necessary to note that an earning person must reward herself or himself every once in awhile. This reward can be as luxurious as having a cruise or as easy as getting massage. Aside from this, it is also beneficial for people to save for themselves. These savings will be essential especially in unavoidable and unexpected circumstances. This is not to say that a person must only think of the lives of the people they love, but this is saying that a person must be realistic enough to prepare for certain c ircumstances. The persuasiveness of Singer’s article was shaken when he injected the argument on giving all that is left to others. The text lost its point and eventually, in a personal level, became illogical to follow. For an average person to donate $200 is acceptable. Donating all the excess money and wealth is already questionable. It is a fact that poverty must be combated with the help of people who are capable of helping. A child living in poverty must be

Military Industrial Complex Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Military Industrial Complex - Essay Example The Military Industrial Complex is more than just a weapons supply system. It is a unique partnership that continues to exert substantial power and influence, has sustained America's arms superiority, and reshaped the American landscape as well as its economy. The beginnings of the expansion of the MIC can be attributed to Captain A.T. Mahan and his book The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783 (Liu 2). The book, published in 1890, was a series of lectures that Mahan had given at the Naval War College. Mahan's book initiated the beginnings of an expanded civilian shipbuilding business to supply the Navy with warships. Subsequent to the publication of Mahan's book, the first US battleship was built in 1893. Under the leadership of President Theodore Roosevelt 1901-1909, an advocate of Mahan's theories, American civilian shipbuilders built 129 battleships under his administration (Liu 10). This major military buildup is generally viewed as the beginning of the MIC. World War II and its reliance upon the MIC had a profound effect on America both demographically and economically. During World War II, the Department of Defense spent in excess of $70 billion on civilian aerospace and defense contracts of which most were directed into California and the Southwest ("The Rise of the Sunbelt"). This increased spending in the region gave rise to the areas massive migration and sowed the seeds of the decline in the 'Rustbelt'. With the reliance on new technology, the military depends on civilian contractors for research and production. The nuclear buildup of the Cold War was an example of the MIC at work. It has been estimated that during the Cold War, the MIC employed 1 out of 3 research scientists and engineers in the US and spent 60% of the research and development dollars available (Cypher 37). This spending in the civilian sector by the Pentagon forms the backbone of the modern MIC and fuels the powerful influence it holds and creates the anxiety that it generates. The MIC is often viewed as a partnership that was formed during the Cold War in an effort to maintain "...peacetime defense spending to 'wartime' levels" (Bruntin). The fear through the Cold War and Vietnam was that this self-interested group would promote their own agenda at the public's expense. Reports of corruption, bribery, and fraud have served to maintain this image in the minds of many Americans (Bruntin). As the Cold War wound down the public anticipated a peace dividend that never arrived. The MIC has been subsequently put to use against new international enemies and the war on terror. The MIC is a cooperative effort between the military, industry, and the government. Sometimes called the iron triangle, the alliance between these groups is a necessary factor in America's arm superiority. The military has the motivation to keep an ongoing civilian supply of weapons research and development, even in periods of peace. The contractors have a need to continue to receive tax dollars to maintain their revenue stream. Politicians have an interest in maintaining a strong military, and contract dollars are fought for as politicians seek to